<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">I would be interested in understanding this combinatorial explosion more clearly. I was focused just on the sharp-s situation, and the expansion there is very slight, I believe.<div><br></div><div>Steve</div><div><br></div><div><br><div><div>On Dec 14, 2009, at 3:18 PM, Kane, Pat wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"><div class="Section1"><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; ">Steve,<o:p></o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; ">There could be billions of variants for a single registration. We used to have at least one IDN in .com that would had 16M variants. We keep a separate variant table as opposed to registering the variants themselves as domains. Some Chinese characters have as many as eight variants and the way that punycode compresses for repeating characters you could end up with more than 20 Chinese characters represented by the entire ASCII encoded string.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; ">If you repeated one of the characters with eight variants for seven positions in a string, you would generate over 2 million variants. <o:p></o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; ">Pat<o:p></o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="2" color="navy" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: navy; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: center; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" tabindex="-1"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold; ">From:</span></font></b><font size="2" face="Tahoma"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma; "><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:idna-update-bounces@alvestrand.no">idna-update-bounces@alvestrand.no</a> [<a href="mailto:idna-update-bounces@alvestrand.no" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">mailto:idna-update-bounces@alvestrand.no</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b><span style="font-weight: bold; ">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b>Steve Crocker<br><b><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Sent:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Monday, December 14, 2009 2:37 PM<br><b><span style="font-weight: bold; ">To:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Vint Cerf<br><b><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Cc:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Steve Crocker;<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:idna-update@alvestrand.no" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">idna-update@alvestrand.no</a><br><b><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Subject:</span></b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: Re-sending TXT form of Proposed IDNA2008 Transition Idea</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Vint, et al,<o:p></o:p></span></font></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">This seems reasonable to me. I would offer two refinements.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">First, each registry, in cooperation with its registrars, could use the sunrise period to register all of the variants that are automatically mapped together under IDNA2003 but will become separate under IDNA2008. The variants would all point to the same address(es), so the result should be the same for anyone looking up a name under either the IDNA2003 or IDNA2008 rules. When the sunrise period is over, the variants could become unregistered or could be transferred to others. The existing registrant would have first say, of course. I'm implicitly suggesting a business strategy for the registries and registrars, and that may or may not appeal to them. For ICANN accredited registries and registrars, there might need to be some coordination with ICANN too, particularly if the variant registrations are provided at no charge during the sunrise period. I haven't given this extensive thought, and I haven't talked to others in ICANN, so I can't speak authoritatively, but it seems to me a plausible strategy for smoothing the transition. In essence, this is the mirror of the strategy you're proposing in the sense that all the variants are registered and then the undesired ones trickle away.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">One might ask if the number of variants will be unwieldy, and one can point to examples like<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Mississippi</st1:place></st1:state><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or hisssss... as stressful cases. My intuition is that even if a few cases explode, the overall impact will be small. I'll go on record here and suggest the impact will be less than 10% for any existing domain.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Second, you've proposed the timing of the transitions would be up to each registry. That's a good suggestion in terms of providing maximum flexibility, but it seems to me that some of the timing is governed by the browsers. I would expect there will be a date when IDNA2008 is phased in and a separate, later date when IDNA2003 is declared dead. In between these dates, I would expect the registries will have to phase over.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">These details aside, I am very glad there is attention to a transition plan. That's something that has been a difficult area for both IPv6 and DNSSEC, and I think IDNAbis will be much better off with this attention to transition.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Steve<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div><div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">On Dec 14, 2009, at 2:12 PM, Vint Cerf wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></font></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">It is recommended to use a fixed width font to display this message</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Introduction of Eszett (sharp-S) and Final Sigma</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">See<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/esszett-or.html" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2008/01/esszett-or.html</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>for an</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">interesting perspective on 'Sharp-S'</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Introduction</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The IDNABIS working group has spent two years evolving documents</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">describing the use of Unicode in Internet domain name labels. We have</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">ended the IETF Last Call with a lengthy discussion on the manner in</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">which the Unicode characters Latin Small Letter Sharp-S (U+00DF) and</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Greek Small Letter Final Sigma (U+03C2) are to be introduced into use.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The so-called Zero-Width Joiner and Zero-Width Non-Joiner (ZWJ and</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">ZWNJ respectively) have been included as CONTEXT-Joiner (or CONTEXTJ)</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">in the IDNA2008 documentation and the general consensus is that these</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">two may be registered at the discretion of registries. IDNA2008</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">specifically permits their use, in context.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The primary debates surrounding Sharp-S and Final Sigma relate to the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">method of their introduction into use as PVALID characters under</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2008. This note represents an attempt to synthesize a</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">philosophical basis for achieving the goal of making these two</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">characters usable in domain name labels. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">It is useful to recall that the Domain Name System is a hierarchical</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">system of registries. The root zone is the place where top level</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain labels are registered. The Top Level domain name registries</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">(e.g. .com, .coop, .ca, .uk) are 'pointed to' using 'delegation</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">records' in the root zone file. Each 'dot' in a domain name is a point</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">where 'delegation' (in DNS-speak, a zone cut) for further registration</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">handling MAY be implemented.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">So, for example, suppose that it is desired to create a Second Level</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">label, 'foo' under the Top Level Label 'com'. Typically, the party</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">wishing to register domain names with the suffix 'foo.com' would</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">request to register 'foo' as a second level label under 'com' and a</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">delegation record would be created pointing to the name server that</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will respond to all domain names with the suffix 'foo.com'.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">At any point, a registration may either be an address record for,</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">e.g., abc.foo.com, or a set of delegation records pointing to the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">servers Third Level label 'abc'.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The notion of delegation is important to keep in mind when considering</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">how to introduce new PVALID characters into labels since each label in</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">a multi-label domain name can be managed by a different entity (ie</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">through delegated authority). A decision by a higher level authority</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">to treat two different labels as equivalent is a non-trivial exercise</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">in delegation mechanics. This fact is often lost in discussions about</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain names as if there were flat identifiers. They are not. They</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">really represent delegated hierarchies and their creation is often</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">achieved through a series of assignments of delegated authority.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">DESIDERATA ON THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW PVALID CHARACTERS</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">1. It is desirable that they can be introduced as soon as any</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">registry in the hierarchy wishes to do so without having to</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">coordinate with other registries.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">2. It is desirable that IDNA2003 compliant and IDNA2008 compliant</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">entities (programs, applications‚ etc.) co-exist without introducing</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">ambiguous resolution of domain names (ie. The same domain name</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">resolves to different IP addresses under IDNA2003 and IDNA2008</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">interpretation)</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">3. In the proposal that follows, a relaxation of the constraint</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">in (2) is that it is acceptable that IDNA2008 interpretation leads</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">to NXDOMAIN even if IDNA2003 leads to a valid IP address (or</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">vice-versa). Under this provision, the introduction of a new</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">PVALID character does not lead to distinct IP addresses (and</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">therefore hazardous ambiguity) even if it produces (temporary?)</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">non-resolution for some cases.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">It should be recognized that the millions of registries/zones in the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">DNS are largely independent entities. We can produce a "suggested</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">good practice", but registries will make local determinations as to</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">what to do based on local considerations. To discourage a particular</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">practice, it seems best to explain what bad consequences will result</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">from following it but as a practical matter leave the decisions up to</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">the registry. In many ways we have already adopted this position in</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2008 by leaving a great many decisions about which characters to</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">permit for registration (even if they are PVALID in protocol) for</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">reasons of local significance or practice.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">There are many side-effects associated with introducing as PVALID</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">characters that were formerly mapped under IDNA2003. An unknown number</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">of URLs (or other domain-name-referencing constructs) may become</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">unreachable upon adoption of IDNA2008, if the unmapped versions of the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">associated domain names have not been constructively registered and</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">made to resolve to the same IP address as the mapped version. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">THE SHARP-S EXAMPLE</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Under IDNA2003, any reference to a domain name label containing</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Sharp-S is converted to a label containing 'ss' in place of Sharp-S,</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">whereever Sharp-S appears. This revised label is then used either for</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">registration or look up in the Domain Name System.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Under IDNA2008, Sharp-S is treated as PVALID and not converted to</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">'ss'.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Many of the suggested transition tactics have attempted a kind of</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">"perfection" in which there is either a deadline by which everything</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">works under IDNA2008 or new mechanisms to somehow distinguish between</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2003 and IDNA2008 or urge strenuous efforts to make everything</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">backward compatible with IDNA2003 mappings - especially for the two</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">problem characters Sharp-S and Final Sigma. I am ignoring everything</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">else but these in this contribution since my sense is that this</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">working group may go along with anything that "solves" the problem</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">with them. Joiners I think we can assume have been accepted in the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">CONTEXTJ form.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">I would like to try out on you an idea that isn't "perfect" but that</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">avoids the worst hazard, I think.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">My definition of worst hazard is that different entities (browsers,</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">applications) do resolution and get conflicting results. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">An example of this would be a case where under IDNA2003, a domain name</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">containing Sharp-S would be vectored to a domain name and associated</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IP address that referenced a domain name registered with "ss" in lieu</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">of Sharp-S and under IDNA2008 would be vectored to an IP address</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">associated with a Sharp-S registration that leads to a different IP</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">address and a distinct registrant. I would distinguish this from the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">case where the same registered domain name is associated with two or</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">more IP addresses on purpose (e.g. two A records that the registrant</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">considers equivalent). </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">I</span></font><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">DNA2003 Case</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">registered looked up</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain name domain name IP address Registrant</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">masse.com maße.com mapped 12.34.56.78 Mr. Foo</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; "> to masse.com</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2008 Case</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">registered looked up</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain name domain name IP address Registrant</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-style-span"><font size="1" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Courier; ">maße.com maße.com 34.56.78.12 Mr. Bar</span></font></span><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The hazard is that under IDNA2003, a look up for maße.com gets the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">12.34.56.78 address of masse.com while under IDNA2008, the look up for</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">maße.com gets the 34.56.78.12 address of maße.com</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">What we would like is to prevent this unexpected ambiguity.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">I would like to introduce a failsafe practice that prevents this</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">particular ambiguity but allows for an NXDOMAIN result that may not be</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">considered hazardous even it is annoying.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Let us imagine that the .com registry wishes to introduce IDNA2008</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">capability into its second level domain registrations (that's all it</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">controls).</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">We assume that it has been registering under IDNA2003 rules in the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">past, so that any label containing "ß" will have been mapped to "ss"</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">prior to registration. There is a collection of registrants in the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">equivalence class "registered a label containing 'ss'". Let us call</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">the set of such registrants R.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The .com registry introduces a sunrise period in which all members of</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">R are advised that they may register domains equivalent to the ones</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">they did register but with the mapped "ss" form changed to the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">unmapped "ß" form. I am pretty sure there cannot be collisions here</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">because all the final registrations have to have been mapped to "ss" -</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">so if there were going to be a collision it would already have been</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">detected at the time of original IDNA2003-compliant registration:</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">"sorry, someone else has already registered the 'ss' form you would</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">have gotten, can't register that." </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">After time T (determined by the registry, not by IETF or ICANN fiat),</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">the .com registry then advises that it will accept registration of</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">SLDs containing "ß". However, it abides by the following rules at</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">REGISTRATION time:</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">(Failsafe Rule 1): If registration of an SLD containing "ß" would</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">collide under IDNA2003 mapping rules with an existing registered</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain name, the registration is allowed if the holder of the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">requested domain is the same (*) as the holder of the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">already-registered domain, otherwise the registration is not allowed. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">(Failsafe Rule 2): If registration of an SLD containing "ss" would</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">collide under IDNA2003 mapping rules with an existing registered</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain name containing "ß" it is allowed if the holder of the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">requested domain is the same (*) as the holder of the already</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">registered domain, otherwise the registration not allowed. Note that</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Failsafe rule 2 only applies once a registry is operating under</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2008 rules.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">(*) Which registrants are "the same" is to be defined by the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="apple-tab-span"><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></font></span><font face="Courier"><span style="font-family: Courier; ">registry, and match the definitions the registry applies. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">As a slightly less safe alternative, but at the option of the registry</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">(perhaps after even more time has gone by), "not allowed" in the above</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">two rules could be replaced by notification of the existing domain</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">holder with an offer to again let that registrant preemptively</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">register the name, thereby blocking its registration by someone else.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If that offer were not accepted, the new registration would be</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">permitted, of course still subject to whatever dispute resolution</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">policies are in effect for .com or other relevant zone.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">This latter suggestion opens the door for achieving independence of</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">formerly-mapped pairs of now PVALID characters. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">There are some nuances to the scenarios offered above. With possible</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">exceptions for some "bundling" practices, most registrations will be</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">sequential (ie. not "at the same time"). One typically registers one</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">domain name and then registers others. Because of this, we will</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">usually end up in a situation where at the time of the second (or Nth)</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">registration someone has to check, for example, whether the requested</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">holder of the next domain name registered is the same holder as the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">holder of earlier but colliding registered domain names.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">There may be different registrars involved in sequential</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">registrations. There may be different contact representatives for</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">respective registrations. There might be transfers being made in</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">between related registrations. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Because of this, the important things are the failsafe rules, and that</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">they (in an ICANN context) are formulated by the registries so that</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">details like "same" actually have some specific meaning in the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">specific registry context. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If we go back to the example given above and assume that Mr. Foo has</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">registered masse.com before Mr. Bar has entered the picture, Mr. Foo</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will get to register maße.com during the sunrise period. Mr. Bar will</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">not be allowed to register either maße.com or masse.com because both</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">of these collide with previously registered domain names.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Let us now suppose that after the sunrise period, the registry is</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">operating under IDNA2008 rules. Let us suppose that someone, Mr. Baz,</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">has registered "strasse.com" prior to the adoption of the IDNA2008</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">rules. Let us also assume that he did not bother to register</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">"straße.com" during the sunrise period (if he had, he would presumably</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">have that registration too). </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Now let Mr. Frotz try to register "straße.com" - under Failsafe Rule</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">1, he would be denied this registration. Mr. Baz still has the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">possibility of registering it. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If someone looks up "straße.com" under IDNA2003-compliant rules, he</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will get "strasse.com" unambiguously.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If someone looks up "straße.com" under IDNA2008-compliant rules, he</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will get NXDOMAIN. This is a kind of brokenness but perhaps this is</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">tolerable if it does not steer the party to the "wrong" site - and it</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">potentially allows Mr. Baz to recover from his earlier choice not to</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">register the "ß" version of his SLD earlier.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Now let us suppose that "strasse.com" has NOT been registered at all,</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">the sunrise happens, and we are now operating under IDNA2008 rules.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Mr. Frotz registers "straße.com". Since there is no collision with a</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">previously registered "strasse.com" there is no problem. Let us</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">suppose that Mr. Frotz does not bother to register "strasse.com". </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If someone looks up "straße.com" under IDNA2003-compliant rules, he</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will get NXDOMAIN because "strasse.com" does not exist.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If someone looks up "straße.com" under IDNA2008-compliant rules, he</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will get the corresponding IP address.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If someone looks up "strasse.com" under IDNA2008-compliant rules, he</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will get NXDOMAIN because it has not been registered.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Because the registry is operating under IDNA2008-rules, "ß" and "ss"</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">are considered distinct and the party using IDNA2003-rules to look up</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">a domain name registered under IDNA2008 rules is getting a "correct"</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">response in some sense (in this case, NXDOMAIN). At least the lookup</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">does not lead to the "wrong IP address".</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">If Mr. Frotz registers both "strasse.com" and "straße.com" (assuming</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">neither of these violates Failsafe Rules (1) and (2) at registration</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">time), his registrations will work for both IDNA2003-compliant and</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2008-compliant lookups. Whether queries using the two strings</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">will produce the same results or not will still be up to him and not</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">the registry: there is no practical way to avoid that.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Let us suppose, again, that Mr. Frotz successfully registers</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">"straße.com" under IDNA2008 rules but does not bother to register</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">"strasse.com"</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Now let us suppose that Mr. FUBAR tries to register "strasse.com"</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">subsequent to Mr. Frotz's registration of "straße.com". When he tries</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">to do this, he would be blocked from that registration under Failsafe</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">Rule (2). Or, under the more permissive variation, Mr. Frotz would</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">have an additional opportunity to block Mr. FUBAR's registration by</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">registering "strasse.com" himself. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">I believe that adoption of Failsafe Rules (1) and (2) would permit</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">each registry (in the general sense - all levels) to introduce</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">IDNA2008 rules whenever they wish, and to provide for sunrise time</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">periods of their choosing. The failures that occur (NXDOMAIN) are not</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">harmful in the same way that "wrong IP address" would be harmful and</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">perhaps this form of "failure" would be an acceptable price to pay for</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">some period of time when IDNA2003-compliant and IDNA2008-compliant</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">systems were in concurrent operation.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">I hope this isn't completely nuts.</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> vint</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">from John Klensin:</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; ">The suggested process could be used to create a five-stage process:</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> (1) No registrations that actually involve Sharp-S (the status quo)</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> (2)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Sunrise</st1:place></st1:city><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-- priority registrations for Sharp-S those who already</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> have labels containing "ss".</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> (3) No possibly-conflicting registrations, using Failsafe Rules 1</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> and 2 as written; starting time to be determined by registry </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> (4) Possibly-conflicting registrations permitted only after the</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> original registrant gets notification and an additional</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> opportunity to register the name herself; starting date again</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> determined by the registry</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> (5) Sharp-S is just another character with no special treatment;</span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> starting date again determined by the registry. </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Courier"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier; "> </span></font><o:p></o:p></div></div><div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">_______________________________________________<br>Idna-update mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Idna-update@alvestrand.no" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">Idna-update@alvestrand.no</a><br><a href="http://www.alvestrand.no/mailman/listinfo/idna-update" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">http://www.alvestrand.no/mailman/listinfo/idna-update</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></div></div><div style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><font size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p> </o:p></span></font></div></div></div></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></o:smarttagtype></div></span></blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>